09272025
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping governance worldwide, creating both opportunities and risks for emerging democracies such as Nepal . Recent initiatives—including the Digital Nepal Framework (DNF) 2.0, a national AI policy, and pilot 5G rollouts—represent milestones in Nepal’s digital transformation. Yet without robust ethical and regulatory safeguards, AI could deepen inequality, spread misinformation, enable surveillance, and undermine democratic integrity.
Embedding AI ethics into national strategy is essential to ensure technology serves the public good by upholding human dignity, fairness, accountability, and transparency).
Background
Nepal stands at a critical juncture in digital transformation. AI has the potential to strengthen democratic institutions, reduce corruption, improve healthcare and education, boost agricultural productivity, and empower rural communities. However, risks—including algorithmic bias, deepfakes, electoral manipulation, and the rural–urban digital divide—threaten to destabilize trust in governance if not addressed.
There is a need to examine opportunities and risks of AI adoption in Nepal’s governance system to evaluate the ethical, policy, and social implications of emerging AI initiatives. Concerned stakeholders need to be engaged to workout guidelines for governance mechanisms ensuring AI promotes democratic resilience, equity, and sustainable development.
Key Issues and Risks
Potential discrimination in decision-making systems will exit due to Algorithmic Bias threating electoral integrity and public trust due to spreading of misinformation & Deepfakes. THere is risks of state or corporate misuse of citizen data requiring surveillance & privacy. Rural–urban inequalities in AI access and benefits will increase digital divide.
Need for effective, modern AI governance
Advent of AI/AGI will be a "fun, exciting, and scary transition for society"nand that the goal must be to ensure it "goes well. Public wants common sense guardrails for AI, they widely believe that government is currently ill-suited to regulate this fast-moving, complex technology. Absence of federal action will lead to a "pernicious patchwork" of different, often non-technical state regulations and an uncoordinated mess of tort litigation, which he calls the single greatest potential roadblock to AI implementation in the Nepal. Nonprofit third party whose purpose is to be a certifier of heightened safety and operational standards for AI developers. If a developer receives certification, they are deemed to have met a specific "standard of care.". This approach is not innovation-squashing "red tape," but rather a regulatory framework that is conducive to innovation by creating necessary standards for the industry to grow quickly and safely. Regulation is necessary for innovation, not opposed to it
National AI Policy 2082 (2025-AD)
Nepal has a National AI Policy 2082 approved in August 2025 by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MoCIT). The policy includes Education & Research as one of its pillars. It explicitly mentions promoting AI-related skills in curricula, developing human capacity, and ensuring AI literacy starting from the school level upward. It also emphasizes ethical safeguards, inclusive access, transparency, and governance among its core objectives. There’s a “concept paper” from MoCIT on “Use and Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Nepal” highlighting priorities like AI literacy, inclusion of AI/data science in curricula, ethics, governance, upskilling, etc.
Nepal Ministry of Education has issued official guidelines, notices, and plans (2024–2025) to expand AI and ethics education in primary and secondary schools and to standardize curriculum, teacher training, and safe use rules. The MOE language expresses a national strategy to scale AI education and move from pilot projects toward broad coverage.
School Education Sector Plan (2079-2088)
The MoEST (Ministry of Education, Science & Technology) has released a long-term strategic plan for school education for years 2079-2088 (Nepali calendar). However, while this plan covers strategic priorities (access, equity, quality, inclusion), it doesn't explicitly mention of mandated AI / ethics education embedded into all levels (primary & secondary) or standardized teacher training for AI in that Nepal Ministry of Education has issued official guidelines, notices, and plans (2024–2025) to expand AI and ethics education in primary and secondary schools and to standardize curriculum, teacher training, and safe use rules. Nepal has made strategic policy moves and has a National AI Policy (2025) that includes education, ethics, and curriculum aspirations.
Bridging the Rural–Urban Gap in AI Education in Nepal
Nepal’s National AI Policy 2082 (2025) emphasizes AI literacy, inclusion of data science in curricula, ethics, governance, and upskilling. However, a shortage of qualified teachers—especially in rural areas—threatens to widen the educational divide if implementation is uneven.
Key Challenges
Rural schools already struggle to recruit teachers for core STEM subjects; AI expertise is even scarcer. Limited electricity, devices, and connectivity reduce access to AI education outside urban centers. While AI and ethics are policy priorities, practical teaching resources and textbooks are not fully distributed nationwide. Existing teacher training programs are concentrated in Kathmandu and major cities, leaving rural educators behind.
The Government of Nepal should launch short-term certification courses (in partnership with universities, EdTech startups, and NGOs) prioritizing rural teachers through distance/online modules, blended training camps, and mobile teaching units. There should be adequate investment in solar-powered digital labs and low-cost devices in partnership with telecom providers to expand internet access in rural schools. A simplified AI literacy modules in Nepali and local languages including developing offline teaching kits for schools with poor connectivity. The program should be focussed through Ethics & Inclusion Lens ensuring AI education integrates ethical discussions relevant to Nepali society (bias, fairness, inclusion). and designing gender-inclusive and community-driven programs so girls and marginalized students are not left behind.
AI education can empower Nepal’s youth, but only if rural teachers are trained, supported, and retained. Without targeted investment in human resources and infrastructure, the promise of AI and Ethics literacy risks becoming another driver of inequality.
Programs in Nepal—by universities, startups/NGOs—that are already doing AI, digital literacy, or related teacher/education support work. Some are large scale; others are more pilot-level. They show what’s feasible and what’s already underway.
ICT Gyan by ICT Foundation Nepal + Ncell Foundation 96 schools in Kathmandu, Nuwakot, Sindhupalchok, Banke, Baglung, Dhadeldhura, Dhanusha, Doti, Kavre, Kapilvastu, Lalitpur, Mustang, Makwanpur, Rupandehi, Solukhumbu, Syangja, Tanahun etc. Mustang, Dolpo (Gandaki & Karnali provinces), Kathmandu Valley (Newari community), Madhesh Province (Maithili communities)
Pokhara University – BA in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
Annual Nepal AI School (ANAIS) by NAAMII (National AI & ML Initiative of Nepal)
Fusemachines AI Fellowship by Fusemachines + partners
Kathmandu University – BTech / MTech in AI
PCPS College + Fusemachines Microdegree in AI by PCPS College in partnership with Fusemachines
Digital Sikshak by Youth Innovation Lab + US Embassy Youth Council (Nepal)
OLE Nepal (Open Learning Exchange Nepal) by OLE Nepal + government and donor partners
Digital Village / Digital Schools (ASK-Nepal & Trianglen) by ASK-Nepal with Danish NGO Trianglen
Digital Literacy Toolkit (Karkhana Samuha) by Karkhana Samuha
Sajilo Sikcha Pvt Ltd – Smart School Project : Bajura, Bajhang, Achham, Baitadi, Dailekh, Jumla, Karnali, Dang, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Manang, Myagdi, Bara, Parsa etc
etc
Gaps / What’s Missing
- Many programs focus on digital literacy, general ICT tool use, online safety, etc., but fewer programs are specifically about AI tools, ethics, or machine learning at the school level especially in rural schools.
- Teacher training for AI or AI ethics is uncommon; most training is for students or higher education.
- Infrastructure (labs, devices, connectivity) remains a limiting factor in many rural areas.
- Ongoing support / mentoring after initial training is less visible in many of these programs.
Lessons & What Could Be Done
From these examples, here are some features that work and could be expanded:
- Use university + startup/industry partnerships (as in PCPS + Fusemachines) to design AI education/training that is accessible and relevant.
- Leverage organizations like OLE Nepal or ASK-Nepal that already have rural reach and infrastructure to introduce AI literacy modules or AI tools.
- Use digital toolkits and online/distance training (e.g. Digital Sikshak) to reach remote teachers who cannot travel frequently.
Insights & Implications
- Programs that combine hardware + teacher training are more successful. For example, OLE Nepal’s programs in structs where offline servers + tablets + teacher training are used.
- Teacher training is often concentrated in districts accessible from Kathmandu or with existing infrastructure (e.g. Nuwakot, Sindhupalchok) before expanding.
- Local language / culture-sensitive programs tend to target minority / mountainous districts (Mustang, Dolpo) which is good for inclusion.
Role of Rotarians in Teacher Training (Nepal)
Rotarians in Nepal are organizing training programs for public-school teachers, focusing on digital skills, AI awareness, and ethics. These trainings directly address the shortage of qualified teachers in rural areas, where government rollout is slower. Rotary’s work complements government policy (National AI Policy 2082) by providing local, volunteer-driven teacher development. Rotary’s “Service Above Self” ethos aligns with embedding ethics and social responsibility into AI education. Such community-based models can be scaled nationally if linked with MoEST and MoCIT programs.
While the government sets the policy framework, Rotarians of Nepal are actively training teachers in public schools, helping bridge the urban–rural divide. They should also be engagged in ensuring that AI /Ethics literacy and ethics education reach even the most underserved communities.”
AI Policy Intervention Map – Nepal
Central Goal: Responsible, Inclusive, and Ethical AI Adoption
1. Ethical & Responsible AI :
- Guidelines for fairness, transparency, and accountability, Monitoring AI systems for bias and misuse, Implement AI impact assessments before deployment
2. Regulation & Legal Framework :
- AI-and ethics specific laws on data, IP, and liability, National AI regulatory authority, Alignment with international standards (e.g., GDPR, UNESCO AI Recommendations)
3. Data Governance:
- Secure, ethical, and privacy-respecting data practices, Audit datasets to prevent discrimination, Create frameworks for responsible data sharing
4. Inclusivity & Equity:
- Rural and marginalized community access, Affordable AI-powered services, Promote local talent in AI development
5. Education & Workforce Development:
- AI literacy in schools, universities, and public programs, Reskilling programs for automation-affected jobs, Policy education for government officials
6. Research & Innovation
- Fund interdisciplinary AI research (tech + ethics + social sciences), Encourage public-private partnerships, Promote open and transparent AI research
7. International Collaboration:
- Participate in global AI governance forums, Adopt international ethics and safety standards, Exchange best practices and policy insights
Recommendations
UNESCO organized a consultation (August 2024) with Nepali stakeholders (educators, government, civil society) to explore how AI could be integrated into the education sector, to prepare students for future jobs, and to ensure equitable access. There should be Use and Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Nepal” highlighting priorities like AI literacy, inclusion of AI/data science in curricula, ethics, governance, upskilling, etc.
Stakeholders should be engaged in establishing legal safeguards to ensure responsible AI use enforcing privacy, transparency, and accountability through the formation of Public Data Protection Authority providing oversight, regulation, and public trust frpm AI Ethics & Governance Commission.
Expand Rural Access: Invest in Digital Infrastructure in Nepal
For Nepal to achieve equitable AI adoption, bridging the rural–urban digital divide must be a national priority. Currently, internet penetration and digital literacy are heavily concentrated in urban centers, leaving rural and remote areas under-connected. This disparity risks excluding large portions of the population from the benefits of AI in governance, education, healthcare, agriculture, and disaster response.
Key actions include:
- Strengthening Connectivity: Expand affordable broadband, fiber-optic, and 5G networks to
rural and mountainous regions through public–private partnerships and government subsidies.
- Localized AI Solutions: Develop AI-powered tools tailored to rural needs, such as precision
farming applications, early-warning systems for floods and landslides, telemedicine platforms,
and digital learning resources in local languages.
- Community Digital Hubs: Establish shared digital access centers in villages with internet
facilities, digital literacy training, and AI-enabled services.
- Inclusive Policy Incentives: Provide tax benefits, grants, and incentives for telecom providers
and tech startups to extend infrastructure and services into rural regions.
By investing in rural digital infrastructure, Nepal can ensure AI benefits are distributed equitably, empowering underserved populations, strengthening social inclusion, and reducing regional inequalities .
Ethical Framework: The Rotary Four-Way Test for AI Adoption
The Rotary Four-Way Test, a globally recognized ethical decision-making framework, offers a practical compass for guiding responsible AI adoption in Nepal (Rotary International, 2023). It
consists of four simple yet powerful questions that can be applied to policy, governance, and
technological design:
- Is it the Truth?
- AI systems must be transparent, accurate, and grounded in verifiable data
- This requires mechanisms for explainability, fact-checking, and combating misinformation, particularly in contexts such as elections, media, and public service delivery .
- Is it Fair to All Concerned?
- AI must be developed and deployed to reduce, not reinforce, inequality
- Fairness requires addressing algorithmic bias, ensuring equal access for rural and marginalized populations, and embedding inclusivity in data collection and system design
.
- Will it Build Goodwill and Better Friendships?
- AI should strengthen trust between citizens, institutions, and technology providers .
- Responsible governance frameworks, participatory policy design, and transparent decision-making processes can ensure AI fosters social cohesion rather than division.
- Will it Be Beneficial to All Concerned?
- AI adoption must align with public interest and sustainable development goals
- Applications should be prioritized in areas such as healthcare, education, agriculture, and disaster management, where they can improve quality of life and empower underserved communities .
By applying the Rotary Four-Way Test, Nepal can move beyond a purely technical or regulatory approach to AI governance and embrace an ethical, human-centered model.
Conclusion
A unified, inclusive, and ethical approach to AI is essential for Nepal to harness its transformative potential. With strong governance, transparent regulation, and citizen-centered design, AI can become a tool for democratic resilience, social equity, and sustainable development rather than a driver of inequality and mistrust
Nepali translate for editing